Articles | Volume 16, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-16-359-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-16-359-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Jul 2025
Research article |
| 21 Jul 2025
| 21 Jul 2025
Conversion of four-stroke engines to six-stroke engines using epicyclic gearing in camshaft modification
Automotive Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, 20160, Türkiye
Muhammed Akar
Automotive Engineering Department, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, 20160, Türkiye
Related authors
Emre Arabaci
Mech. Sci., 10, 497–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-497-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-497-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Valve mechanisms are needed to control the intake and exhaust processes of today's engines. The valves in this valve mechanism are actuated by machine parts called camshafts. The cams on the camshaft have specially designed profiles for the movement of the valves. Different cam profiles must be created for each engine size and characteristic. In this study, the camshaft design parameters were dimensioned and thus a new design approach that can be used in all cam designs was presented.
Emre Arabaci
Mech. Sci., 10, 497–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-497-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-497-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Valve mechanisms are needed to control the intake and exhaust processes of today's engines. The valves in this valve mechanism are actuated by machine parts called camshafts. The cams on the camshaft have specially designed profiles for the movement of the valves. Different cam profiles must be created for each engine size and characteristic. In this study, the camshaft design parameters were dimensioned and thus a new design approach that can be used in all cam designs was presented.
Related subject area
Subject: Mechanisms and Robotics | Techniques and Approaches: Experiment and Best Practice
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Xingtao Hu, Le Yin, Jiarui Chen, Zhikai Zhou, and Zufeng Shang
Mech. Sci., 16, 317–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-16-317-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-16-317-2025, 2025
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Soft continuum manipulators show great promise in minimal invasive surgery (MIS) due to their excellent adaptability and contact safety. In our recent work, a novel braided manipulator based on fibrous materials is developed which features a thin-walled structure and a linear actuation response, enhancing its suitability for surgical environments. This paper studies effects of design parameters on its kinematical behaviors, which can provide a foundation for an optimized skeleton design.
Dan-Jun Zhang, Xing-Hua Xiao, Guang Li, Chun-Xin Li, and Yi Yang
Mech. Sci., 16, 273–289, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-16-273-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-16-273-2025, 2025
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An autonomous launch and recovery (LAR) system is essential for the deployment and retrieval of uncrewed surface vehicles (USVs). Traditional crane-like LAR systems are typically designed to handle only the deployment and recovery of a single USV. In this paper, we propose a novel crane-like LAR system for multiple USVs, which includes the mechanism design, control strategy, and experimental validation. This research provides a reliable and innovative solution for the LAR of multiple USVs.
Jian Wang, Zongjian Mo, Juezhe Wang, and Wanghua Pan
Mech. Sci., 16, 181–194, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-16-181-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-16-181-2025, 2025
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In this paper, an entire process of laser cladding repair of a damaged polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit of high value based on a dual-robot system is proposed.
Liaoyuan Li, Tianlong Lei, Jun Li, and Xiangpan Li
Mech. Sci., 16, 157–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-16-157-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-16-157-2025, 2025
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This article presents novel rehabilitation training by combining virtual reality technology and a rehabilitation robot. The goal is to provide multiple-information feedback for activities of daily living training. The rehabilitation robot receives data from virtual scenes to provide force feedback, creating a sense of presence. This approach is expected to help patients in the later stages of a stroke to improve their muscle strength and regain their upper-limb motor function.
Lisong Dong, Jie Ma, Jiesheng Cao, and Daoming Wang
Mech. Sci., 15, 653–665, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-15-653-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-15-653-2024, 2024
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Axial-hole assembly is a key step in the assembly of high-integration components of electronic equipment. In order to achieve the precision assembly of high-density axial holes, we propose a high-precision and smooth assembly strategy that combines the manual control of the tandem machine and the positioning accuracy of the parallel robot. This provides strong technical support for the precision assembly of highly integrated components of electronic equipment.
Kan Shi, Zongjia Wang, Changtao Yan, and Zhiwei Wang
Mech. Sci., 15, 417–430, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-15-417-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-15-417-2024, 2024
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In order to lessen the impact on the team of rehabilitation practitioners and provide patients with a higher-quality rehabilitation process, an ankle rehabilitation robot based on a parallel mechanism is proposed. The feasibility of the ankle rehabilitation robot proposed in this paper is proven by analysis, which lays a foundation for future human–machine experiments. It can act as a reference for future research of the ankle rehabilitation mechanism.
Mengyuan Chen, Hangrong Guo, Runbang Qian, Guangqiang Gong, and Hao Cheng
Mech. Sci., 15, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-15-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-15-1-2024, 2024
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The proposed VTD-SLAM algorithm has the following advantages. (1) A multiclass feature enhancement and multiclass feature guidance semantic segmentation network (MSNET) is proposed to improve the semantic segmentation ability of dynamic objects. (2) Optimal neighbor pixel matching is used to complete the image of the deleted region. Our method can effectively solve the influence of dynamic objects, so that the SLAM system can operate effectively.
Haojun Zhang, Tao Song, and Leigang Zhang
Mech. Sci., 14, 503–518, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-14-503-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-14-503-2023, 2023
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To enable the control system to provide minimal assistance and apply different rehabilitation stages according to the subject's performance, this paper proposes a motion-trend-based assistance control strategy. The preliminary experimental results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy works well to quickly adjust the assistance to the subject's motor performance and quickly reduce the assistance when the subject tends to actively participate in the exercise.
Liyong Wang, Li Yang, Le Li, Jianpeng Wu, and Qian Zou
Mech. Sci., 14, 463–477, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-14-463-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-14-463-2023, 2023
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The development of bionic skin has always been a challenging scientific research problem. A novel experimental method is proposed for investigating fingertip friction perception characteristics. The results show that the tactile perception accuracy can be improved by changing the surface texture and lubrication conditions. The method can provide peer experience for revealing tactile perception mechanisms and can also provide theoretical guidance for the research of bionic skin.
Junqiang Li, Kuan Yang, and Dong Yang
Mech. Sci., 14, 429–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-14-429-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-14-429-2023, 2023
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A wearable ankle assisted robot is developed to meet the demand for ankle assistance during human walking. The active energy storage mechanism in the robot can realize the storage and release of energy and realize the application of a low-power motor to provide large assisted force. The experimental results show that the net metabolic cost of the participants is reduced by averages of 5.30 %, 5.67 %, and 4.84 % with 0, 4, and 8 kg loads respectively.
Liming Zhang, Xiaohua Wang, Haoyi Wang, and Pengfei Li
Mech. Sci., 14, 347–359, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-14-347-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-14-347-2023, 2023
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This paper proposes a robot following method to follow the sewing action of human upper limbs. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that robots can assist workers in the future. Compared with the visual servo method, the accuracy is much improved.
Li Zheng and Tao Song
Mech. Sci., 14, 315–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-14-315-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-14-315-2023, 2023
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In this paper, a gait analysis algorithm for a lower limb rehabilitation robot is proposed. The algorithm realizes the division of gait temporal information and the design of a gait spatiotemporal parameter algorithm based on lidar. A spatial parameter-splicing algorithm based on a time series is proposed, which effectively reduces the influence of errors on gait parameters. Based on the gait algorithm, aiming at real-time algorithm performance, a dynamic window method is proposed.
Quansheng Jiang, Kai Cai, and Fengyu Xu
Mech. Sci., 14, 87–97, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-14-87-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-14-87-2023, 2023
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Traditional path-planning algorithms for bending robots are often a sequence of multiple line segments and an unsmoothed curve, which causes a discontinuous robot motion. A smooth path can ensure continuous motion. We propose an improved artificial potential field-based path-planning method based on the idea of a rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) algorithm, reducing the length of and smoothing the path, thus solving the path-planning problem of a multi-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) bending robot.
Jiasheng Pan, Leigang Zhang, and Qing Sun
Mech. Sci., 13, 949–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-13-949-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-13-949-2022, 2022
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Robot-assisted rehabilitation has proven to be effective for improving the motor performance of patients with neuromuscular injuries. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to present a new patient-cooperative control framework for an end-effector upper-limb rehabilitation robot that provides robot-assisted training for individuals with neuromuscular disorders. The feasibility of the proposed control scheme is validated via training experiments using five healthy subjects.
Stefan Gadringer, Hubert Gattringer, and Andreas Mueller
Mech. Sci., 13, 361–370, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-13-361-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-13-361-2022, 2022
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We introduce different test scenarios and set-ups for a force control assessment. The force control of Universal Robots (UR10e) and FerRobotics (ACF-K 109/04) are evaluated. A force/torque sensor, mounted below a work piece, measures the applied force by the UR or by the ACF. Results for both UR and ACF force control are presented for varying desired contact velocities and forces. These results show the advantage of the ACF-K 109/04 over the UR10e force control for highly dynamic scenarios.
Wonjun Seo, Seokyeon Im, and Geesoo Lee
Mech. Sci., 12, 1051–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-12-1051-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-12-1051-2021, 2021
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This study is focused on analyzing signal changes according to internal flow and temperature change by generating micro-leakage, unlike previous studies that experimented with no flow inside a chamber. In addition, a new application method utilizing a phase shift by post-processing the ultrasonic reception signal was proposed. By using the ultrasonic sensor, a different method was proposed for the measurement of micro-leakage of gaseous fuel that relied on the existing pressure sensor.
Yanyan Ge, Zichao Su, Maohua Xiao, Min Kang, Ruyi Wang, and Qin Zeng
Mech. Sci., 12, 725–733, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-12-725-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-12-725-2021, 2021
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This study proposed and verified a new idea for the crushing system of a mobile pellet harvester. As the key components of the crushing mechanism, the theoretical design calculation was given, and Ansys software was used to verify the feasibility of the design, specifically by computing the strength and stiffness. Field tests were conducted, and the test results met the requirements. This design can promote the further development of a mobile pellet harvester.
Shan Jiang, Yong Hu, Qiang Li, Long Ma, Yang Wang, Xiaoqin Zhou, and Qiang Liu
Mech. Sci., 12, 603–613, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-12-603-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-12-603-2021, 2021
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An innovative flapping wing micro aerial vehicle (FWMAV), forming a figure eight wingtip trajectory, which can achieve complex composite motions of flapping, twisting, and swinging is presented in this paper. Along with the design concept of reducing any possible weight and size, the aircraft was designed with classical and reliable mechanical components. Then, experiments were conducted to test the FWMAV aerodynamic efficiency with a complex figure eight wingtip trajectory.
Qiang Liu, Qiang Li, Xiaoqin Zhou, Pengzi Xu, Luquan Ren, and Shengli Pan
Mech. Sci., 10, 355–362, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-355-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-355-2019, 2019
Mehmet Erkan Kütük, Lale Canan Dülger, and Memik Taylan Daş
Mech. Sci., 10, 107–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-107-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-107-2019, 2019
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This paper presents a new exoskeleton design for wrist and forearm rehabilitation. The contribution of this study is to offer a methodology which shows how to adapt a serial manipulator that reduces the number of actuators used in exoskeleton design for the rehabilitation. The system offered is a combination of end-effector- and exoskeleton-based devices. The passive exoskeleton is attached to the end effector of the manipulator, which provides motion for the purpose of rehabilitation process.
Georgios Dialynas, Riender Happee, and Arend L. Schwab
Mech. Sci., 10, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-1-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-1-2019, 2019
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With the resurgence in bicycle ridership in the last decade, a better understanding of bicycle rider
behavior is important in accommodating increasing bicycle traffic as well as reducing accidents that come along with it. At TU Delft we have designed a fixed-base bicycle simulator to understand how bicycle rider's interact with other road users in a safe virtual environment.
Efe Yamac Yarbasi and Evren Samur
Mech. Sci., 9, 51–60, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-9-51-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-9-51-2018, 2018
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This article presents a novel continuum robot actuated by two extendable balloons. As inflated, the balloons apply a force on the wall of the tip, pushing the robot forward. The contribution of this study is the introduction of a novel actuation mechanism for soft robots to have extreme elongation (2000 %) in order to be navigated in substantially long and narrow environments.
Zhongxi Shao, Shilei Wu, Jinguo Wu, and Hongya Fu
Mech. Sci., 8, 349–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-8-349-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-8-349-2017, 2017
Yi Long, Zhi-jiang Du, Chao-feng Chen, Wei-dong Wang, and Wei Dong
Mech. Sci., 8, 249–258, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-8-249-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-8-249-2017, 2017
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Compared to the traditional pHRI measurement approaches, the proposed method arranged the sensors in the mechanical joint instead of the connection cuff. This kind of architecture has compact architecture and improves the wearing comfort, which can adapt to various operators and is convenient to be applied in the wearable exoskeleton. The performance of the DEM will be studied in the following work and human-exoskeleton coordination control strategies will be investigated in future work.
C. M. C. G. Fernandes, P. M. T. Marques, R. C. Martins, and J. H. O. Seabra
Mech. Sci., 6, 81–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-6-81-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-6-81-2015, 2015
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The importance of the gear loss factor in the power loss predictions was put in evidence comparing the predictions with experimental results.
It was concluded that the gear loss factor is a decisive factor to accurately predict the power loss.
Different formulations proposed in the literature were compared and it was shown that only few were able to yield satisfactory correlations with experimental results.
M. F. Wang, M. Ceccarelli, and G. Carbone
Mech. Sci., 6, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-6-1-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-6-1-2015, 2015
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In this paper, 1) We design and built a prototype of a LARM tripod leg mechanism with low-cost easy-operation features that can be useful in a biped locomotor; 2) We present an experimental layout for investigating operational performance of the built prototype; 3) We characterize and analyze the system behaviour by follow a prescribed step movement of the foot platform under consideration with human walking.
I. Ivanov and B. Corves
Mech. Sci., 5, 59–66, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-5-59-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-5-59-2014, 2014
B. Herman, A. Devreker, F. Richer, A. Hassan Zahraee, and J. Szewczyk
Mech. Sci., 5, 21–28, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-5-21-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-5-21-2014, 2014
N. Vaughan, V. N. Dubey, M. Y. K. Wee, and R. Isaacs
Mech. Sci., 5, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-5-1-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-5-1-2014, 2014
J. D. Tanner and B. D. Jensen
Mech. Sci., 4, 397–405, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-4-397-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-4-397-2013, 2013
K. C. Francis, J. E. Blanch, S. P. Magleby, and L. L. Howell
Mech. Sci., 4, 371–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-4-371-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-4-371-2013, 2013
L. Bruzzone and G. Quaglia
Mech. Sci., 3, 49–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-3-49-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-3-49-2012, 2012
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Short summary
This study examines the application of epicyclic gearing in converting four-stroke engines to six-stroke engines using the Kelem model for the six-stroke design. Engine performance tests are conducted, and the results are discussed.
This study examines the application of epicyclic gearing in converting four-stroke...
