Articles | Volume 17, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-17-713-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-17-713-2026
Research article
 | 
06 Jul 2026
Research article |  | 06 Jul 2026

Hybrid nonlinear model predictive and linear quadratic balance control for a two-wheeled self-balancing wheelchair

Haomin Sun, Xinying Zhang, Yaozhi Gu, Shuai Wang, Weiyue Chen, Shuyue Zhang, Tianyu Xu, Hongliu Yu, and Qiaoling Meng

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Cited articles

Chacko, S. J. and Abraham, R. J.: On LQR controller design for an inverted pendulum stabilization, Int. J. Dynam. Control, 11, 1584–1592, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40435-022-01079-0, 2023. 
Chénier, F., Marquis, E., and Fleury-Rousseau, M.: Tracking the whole-body centre of mass of humans seated in a wheelchair using motion capture, J. Biomech., 156, 111675, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111675, 2023. 
Cui, R., Guo, J., and Mao, Z.: Adaptive backstepping control of wheeled inverted pendulums models, Nonlinear Dynam., 79, 501–511, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-014-1682-9, 2015. 
Dai, F., Gao, X., Jiang, S., Guo, W., and Liu, Y.: A two-wheeled inverted pendulum robot with friction compensation, Mechatronics, 30, 116–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2015.06.011, 2015. 
Feng, X., Liu, S., Yuan, Q., Xiao, J., and Zhao, D.: Research on wheel-legged robot based on LQR and ADRC, Sci. Rep., 13, 15122, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-41462-1, 2023. 
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Short summary
Self-balancing wheelchairs can help people move in tight spaces, but they must stay upright when starting from a large tilt, carrying different users, or facing sudden pushes. We developed and tested a two-stage control approach that first brings the chair back safely from larger tilts and then keeps it steady near upright. Simulations and prototype tests showed faster recovery, better stability under disturbances, and stronger tolerance to user-weight changes, supporting safer designs.
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