MSMechanical SciencesMSMech. Sci.2191-916XCopernicus PublicationsGöttingen, Germany10.5194/ms-9-245-2018FE analysis of circular CFT columns considering bond-slip effect: A
numerical formulationFE analysis of circular CFT columns considering bond-slip effectHwangJu-YoungKwakHyo-Gyoungkwakhg@kaist.ac.krDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of KoreaHyo-Gyoung Kwak (kwakhg@kaist.ac.kr)24July20189224525710September201712April201826June2018This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This article is available from https://ms.copernicus.org/articles/9/245/2018/ms-9-245-2018.htmlThe full text article is available as a PDF file from https://ms.copernicus.org/articles/9/245/2018/ms-9-245-2018.pdf
In this paper, a numerical model for the analysis of bond-slip occurring in
concrete filled steel tube (CFT) columns is introduced. Unlike the classical
bond-link or bond-zone element using double nodes, the introduced model
considers the bond-slip effect without taking double nodes by incorporation
of the equivalent steel stiffness. Upon constructing the equations system on
the basis of the force equilibrium and the compatibility condition at each
nodal point, the deformations in a steel tube are determined, followed by
evaluation of the bond-slip. Moreover, as a part of solving the equations
system to evaluate the slip behavior, the mechanical properties for steel and
bond-slip have been changed and updated through an iteration procedure.
Finally, the validity of the introduced numerical model is verified by
comparing the experimental data with the analytical results for CFT columns
subjected to axial force and bending moment.
Introduction
Concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) columns, which consist of a circular or
rectangular steel tube filled with concrete, have been increasingly applied
to column design and popularly adopted in buildings and bridges due to their
excellent resisting characteristics. Since the steel tube provides triaxial
confinement in much the same way as a stirrup in a reinforced concrete (RC)
column, while carrying a portion of the applied axial force and bending
moment, advantages in structural behavior such as increased strength,
stiffness and ductility can be expected relative to ordinary RC columns
(Shams and Ala Saadeghvaziri, 1997; Shanmugam and Lakshmi, 2001; Susantha et al., 2001; Bradford
et al., 2002; Portolés et al., 2011). An additional advantage can also
be obtained with respect to the construction sequence because the steel tube
serves as formwork during the pouring of in-filled concrete (Schneider,
1998; Goto et al., 2010).
To examine the overall performance of CFT columns, various experimental
studies have been performed (Choi et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2017; McCann et
al., 2015) after Schneider (1998), and Huang et al. (2002) tested CFT
columns having circular and square cross sections to investigate the effect
of the steel tube wall thickness and the diameter-to-thickness (D/t) ratio
on the column strength. Nevertheless, the structural behavior of CFT columns
is still not well defined. In particular, the composite action between the
concrete core and the steel tube makes it difficult to precisely evaluate
the mechanical behavior of the structure. In addition, the different
Poisson's ratios of the constituent materials of steel and concrete may
cause a smaller confinement effect than expected, and the occurrence of slip
along the interface between the concrete core and the steel tube leads to a
decrease of the strength of CFT columns (Hajjar and Gourley, 1996; Johansson and Gylltoft, 2002; Kwon et al., 2005). Therefore, additional experimental studies
should continuously be performed to precisely evaluate the nonlinear
behavior and the ultimate resisting capacity of CFT columns and to supply
basic information for the construction of design equations.
In parallel with experimental studies, reliable numerical approaches have
also been conducted (Goto et al., 2010; Hu et al., 2005; Moon et al., 2012)
with the introduction of analytical models. The development of an analytical
model for the response of CFT columns, however, requires an exact simulation
of the contact behavior between the concrete core and the steel tube,
because the accuracy of the numerical results is dominantly affected by both
the bond-slip behavior and the confinement effect induced by the contact
behavior between the concrete core and the steel tube. Many researchers,
including Hibbitt and Sorensen, Inc. (2000), have simulated the contact behavior along
the interface with the use of a proper friction coefficient because of its
simplicity in application. However, this approach requires an indirect
implementation of the confinement effect on the in-filled concrete because
direct delivery of the stress between the in-filled concrete and the steel
tube cannot be defined (Goto et al., 2010; Moon et al., 2012).
To remove this limitation and to directly consider the confinement effect
with the bond-slip behavior, the bond-link element, which connects a node of
a concrete finite element with a node of an adjacent steel element, was
introduced. This element (Kwon et al., 2005; Kwak, 1994; Yin and Lu, 2010)
has been commonly used in the finite element analysis of CFT columns. A few
numerical analyses considering the bond-slip effect have been conducted by
using the bond-link element (Bashir et al., 2010; Kwak and Kim, 2010; Li et
al., 2012). However, owing to the complications in the numerical modeling
with a considerable increase in the number of degrees of freedom caused by
the use of double nodes, most finite element studies of CFT columns do not
take into account the bond-slip developed at the interface between the
concrete core and the steel tube (Johansson and Gylltoft, 2002; Kwon et al.,
2005). Notably, the use of a fine mesh in modeling CFT columns increases the
difficulty in the numerical modeling.
To address this issue, this paper introduces an improved numerical approach
that can consider the bond-slip effect without the use of double nodes at
the interface between the concrete core and the steel tube by incorporating
the equivalent steel stiffness. The basic concept of this numerical design
was introduced by Kwak and Kim (2001) and was derived from the bond-slip
relation of a RC beam. Kwak and Kim applied the adjust stiffness matrix
found through iteration that simulates a similar strain to the actual
bond-slip behavior. However, since the Kwak and Kim model was developed for
beam elements and the loading condition was limited to uniaxial load, an
improved bond-slip model should be suggested to simulate CFT columns. In the
bond-slip model proposed in this paper, after calculating the nodal
displacements, the deformation of steel at each node can be found through
the back-substitution technique from the first to the final steel element
using a governing equation constructed on the basis of the force equilibrium
at each node of the steel tube and the compatibility condition between the
concrete core and the steel tube. The developed algorithm can also be
implemented in many commercialized programs including ABAQUS (2013) and
ADINA (2015) as a user defined material model, and the validity of the
proposed numerical modes is established through correlation studies between
the numerical results and the experimental data for CFT columns subjected to
various monotonic loadings.
Stress-strain relation of concrete.
Material properties
Since concrete is mainly used for compression members, the stress-strain
relation of concrete in compression should be considered significantly, and
the monotonic envelope curve of stress-stain for concrete introduced by Kent
and Park (1971) and later modified by Scott et al. (1982) is adopted in this paper,
because of its simplicity and computational efficiency. This model describes
the monotonic concrete stress-strain relation in compression as a
second-degree parabola accompanying the linear descending branch after
reaching the compressive strength, as shown in Fig. 1.
On the other hand, the tensile behavior of concrete is assumed to be linear
elastic until reaching the tensile strength. After the tensile strength, the
tensile stress decreases linearly with an increase of the principal tensile
strain up to reach εO in Fig. 1, which represents the
ultimate failure strain by cracking (Kwak and Kim, 2001). To describe the
cracking behavior, in advance, the damaged plasticity model (Lubliner et
al., 1989) among the cracking models defined in ABAQUS is adopted because
this model shows not only less sensitivity to the mesh topology but also
stable convergence to the solution even in the local failure zone where a
stress concentration is expected.
In addition, as a part of considering the confinement effect, the use of
augmented compressive strength and corresponding strain through the
introduction of material coefficients has been considered in previous
studies while defining the stress-strain relation of concrete (Goto et al.,
2010; Hu et al., 2005; Hibbitt and Sorensen, Inc., 2000; Gupta et al., 2014), where the
material coefficients are usually defined as the ratio of the diameter of
in-filled concrete D to the thickness of the steel tube t. However, the use
of material coefficients has been based on the premise of considering the
contact behavior between the in-filled concrete and the steel tube by the
simple friction model which cannot reflect the stress transfer effectively.
On the other hand, since the numerical model introduced in this paper is
based not on the friction model but rather on the gap element model which
directly connects a node of a concrete finite element with a node of an
adjacent steel element, additional consideration of material coefficients is
not necessary (Moon et al., 2012; Leon and Hu, 2008).
Biaxial concrete strength envelope (Lee and Fenves, 1998).
Moreover, the multi-axial behavior of concrete must be defined to simulate
the three-dimensional behavior of concrete induced from the confinement by
the steel tube. Under combinations of multi-axial loading, concrete exhibits
strength and stress-strain behavior that are different from those under
uniaxial loading conditions. The strength envelope proposed by Lee and
Fenves (1998) and defined in ABAQUS (2013) is adopted in this paper. This
envelope, which is defined for the compression-compression region, is
slightly different from Kupfer's failure envelope (Kupfer and Gerstle, 1973)
obtained through a panel test. As shown in Fig. 2, σ1 and σ2 are the principal stress along the first and second axis, σc0 is the uniaxial initial yield compressive stress, σb0 is
the biaxial initial yield compressive stress, and I1=tr(σ¯), and J2=12(S¯:S¯), where S¯ is the
effective stress deviator. More details related to the strength envelope can
be found elsewhere (Lee and Fenves, 1998). On the other hand, steel is assumed
as a linear elastic, linear strain hardening material, and the post-yielding
behavior under multi-axial loading is based on the Von-Mises yield criterion
(ABAQUS, 2013).
Stress state in a CFT column.
Free body diagram of a CFT column.
Numerical modeling for bond-slip
When a compressive force is applied to a circular CFT column, both the
in-filled concrete and the steel tube will be subjected to not only normal
stress but also stress in the radial direction, which develops a confinement
effect. The interaction behavior between the in-filled concrete and the
steel tube can then be derived on the basis of a perfect bond, where it is
assumed that all the displacements of the in-filled concrete and the steel
tube developed at the interface are identical.
Figure 3 shows the stress state of an in-filled concrete core and a steel
tube in the equilibrium condition at an arbitrary location at a distance
x from the loading point. From the strain compatibility in the
axial direction (εcnx=εsnx=P/(AcEc+AsEs)), the normal stress of concrete and
steel can be expressed as σcnx=εcnxEc=P/Ac⋅1/(1+nρ), and σsnx=εsnxEs=P/Ac⋅n/(1+nρ), where
n=Es/Ec, ρ=As/Ac, εcn and εsn represent the normal strains of concrete and steel, σcn
and σsn are the corresponding normal stresses, Ac and
As denote the cross sectional area of in-filled concrete and the steel
tube, and P is the applied axial force.
To evaluate the radial stress in the steel tube (σsrx=σcrx), the elongation of the steel tube in
the radial direction ω=Δ1-Δ2 (see Fig. 3b)
should be determined first, where Δ1 and
Δ2 represent the radial displacements developed
by the independent application of the normal stress (σcnx) and
the radial stress (σcrx) into the in-filled concrete,
respectively. From Hook's law (Barber, 2010), Δ1=+νc/Ec⋅r0σcnx=+νc/Ec⋅r0⋅P/Ac⋅1/(1+nρ), and Δ2=σcrx/Ec⋅r0, where
νc represents the Poisson's ratio of concrete. Since the
radial strain εsrx=εcrx=ω/ro=(Δ1-Δ2)/ro, the
strain in the radial direction can be expressed in terms of the radial
stress. In advance, the stress-strain relation between the stresses in r,
θ, and x direction and the corresponding strains makes it
possible to uniquely determine the radial and circumferential stresses of
σsrx and σsθx in the steel tube (see Fig. 3c).
Differently from the perfect bond case, however, to consider the bond-slip
effect it is necessary to define the different displacement fields between
the in-filled concrete and the steel tube, and to this end the bond-link
element defined by a spring element connecting a concrete node and an
adjacent steel node is usually adopted. Since the link element has no
physical dimension, the two connected nodes originally occupy the same
location in the finite element (FE) mesh of the structure before
deformation.
As shown in Fig. 4, an axial force applied to a CFT column is carried partly
by the in-filled concrete (Fc) and partly by the steel tube (Fs),
and a part of column can be considered as a free body diagram (see Fig. 4a and b).
The force equilibrium condition then produces the relations
dFc=τbπDdx=dFbx from Fig. 4a and
dFc=mkb(δc-δs) from Fig. 3c, where
dFbx and τb denote the bond force and
bond stress, D is the diameter of the in-filled concrete, Eb is the
slip modulus, and m is the number of springs with a spring constant of
kb in the circumferential direction. Since δc and δs represent the axial deformation in concrete and steel, respectively,
δc-δs gives the bond-slip developed at the interface
between the in-filled concrete and the steel tube. From the equality
condition of mkbδc-δs=τbπDdx=Ebδc-δsπDdx upon the linear slip
assumption with τb=Ebδc-δs, in
advance, the spring constant kb can be expressed as follows:
kb=EbπDmdx=Ebab
where a and b represent the element width and length, respectively, in a
finite element that has been covered by one bond-link element (see Fig. 5a).
An idealized steel strut with bond-slip.
The use of the bond-link element in the FE analysis of RC structures,
however, mandates the use of a double node to represent the relative slip
between the in-filled concrete and the steel tube. In a complex structure,
this requirement leads to not only a considerable increase in the number of
degrees of freedom but also greater complexity of the mesh definition. To
address these limitations in using the bond-link element, an improved
numerical model is proposed in this paper.
To determine the equivalent modulus of elasticity EsEQ for the steel
tube, the steel area covered by the adjacent two nodes, node i and node j, in Fig. 5a
can be considered as a strut or tie. A convenient free
body diagram that isolates the steel strut with the bond-link elements
attached at its end points is then selected. Figure 5b and c show this
element before and after deformation, where points 1 and 3 are associated
with the in-filled concrete and points 2 and 4 are associated with the
steel tube at nodes i and j, respectively. The corresponding degrees of
freedom of the steel strut and concrete at each end are connected by the
bond-link element, whose stiffness depends on the relative displacement
between the steel tube and the in-filled concrete. With this assumption, the
stiffness matrix that relates the end displacements along the axis of the
steel strut with the corresponding forces can be expressed as follows:
FcFs=F1F3F2F4=kbi0-kbi00kbj0-kbj-kbi0ks+kbi-ks0-kbj-ksks+kbj⋅u1u3u2u4=KCCKCSKCSKSSucus
where ks=at/b⋅Es is the strut stiffness, kbi and
kbj are the stiffness of the bond-link element determined in Eq. (1),
and t is the thickness of the steel tube.
By considering the steel degrees of freedom in Eq. (2), the following
relation between concrete displacements and corresponding forces results in
Fc∗=[KCC∗]{uc, where Fc∗=Fc-KCS⋅KSS-1⋅{Fs,
[KCC∗]=KCC-KCS⋅KSS-1⋅[KCS]. After evaluating the inverse of
KSS and carrying out multiplications, the equivalent
stiffness KCC∗ is reduced to:
KSEQ=KCC∗=kskbikbjkskbi+kbj+kbi⋅kbj1-1-11
which is the local stiffness matrix of the steel strut element including the
effect of bond-slip, and it is now apparent that bond-slip reduces the
stiffness of the steel strut element. In advance, when the steel tube is
modeled with shell elements, its stiffness is directly proportional to the
modulus of elasticity. Therefore, the equivalent modulus of elasticity for
the steel tube element can be inferred from Eq. (3) as
EsEQ=Eskbikbjat/b⋅Eskbi+kbj+kbi⋅kbj
In the case of a perfect bond, the bond stiffness terms kbi and
kbj become infinitely large and the equivalent modulus of elasticity
EsEQ is reduced to the elastic modulus of elasticity Es. The
use of EsEQ instead of Es makes it possible to consider the
bond-slip effect without taking double nodes along the interface between the
in-filled concrete and the steel tube.
Once the displacement increments at each node Δucm are
determined for the current load increment, they can be transformed to the
concrete displacement increments {Δuc at the ends of the steel
strut element in the direction parallel to the axis of the steel strut
element on the basis of the relation Δucx=∑mNm⋅Δucm, where Nm is a shape function. Using the second row of
Eq. (2), which expresses the condition of equilibrium of the steel strut
element, the force and deformation increments in steel can now be determined
by assembling the steel strut element matrices and imposing appropriate
boundary conditions at the ends of the steel tube. Upon evaluating the steel
displacement increments Δus,
determination of the bond-slip at each node (Δuc-{Δus) and evaluation of the bond stiffness terms
kbi and kbj become possible.
Modeling of steel tube for matrix method.
Flow chart of bond-slip algorithm.
Gages on the Steel Tube.
Stress Distribution at the Steel Tube (P=30t).
If the steel tube is assumed to be subdivided into n elements, as shown in
Fig. 6, the relationship for the kth element can be rearranged as Eq. (5)
from Eq. (2).
ΔF2ΔF4k=ks+kbi-ks-ksks+kbikΔu2Δu4k-kbiΔu1kbjΔu3
where it should be noted that the concrete displacement increments
Δu1 and Δu3 are known from the
global nonlinear finite element analysis of CFT columns. Solving Eq. (5) for
the force and displacement increment at node 4 yields
ΔF4Δu4k=AkΔF2ΔF4k-BkΔu1Δu3k
where
Ak=-(ks+kbj/ks)kbikbj+kbikbj/ks-1/ks1+kbi/ksk,Bk=kbi(1+kbj/ks)kbjkbi/ks0k
For the transition from the kth to the (k+1)th element using the force
equilibrium and the compatibility condition, Eq. (7) can be obtained:
ΔF2Δu2k+1=-ΔF4Δu4k=-1001⋅ΔF4Δu4k
and the substitution of Eq. (6) into Eq. (7) yields
ΔF2Δu2k+1=A¯k⋅ΔF2Δu2k-B¯k⋅Δu1Δu3k
where
A¯k=-1001AkB¯k=-1001Bk.
Equation (8) relates the force and displacement increments at the beginning
of steel element k+1 with those of steel element k. By applying Eq. (8)
successively to elements k-1, k-2, ⋯,
2, 1 and summing the results, the following transfer matrix relation of Eq. (9)
is derived. After replacing k+1 with n in Eq. (9) and applying Eq. (6)
for element n, the following relation between the forces and
displacements at the two ends of the steel tube can be obtained:
ΔF2Δu2k+1=A¯kΔF2Δu2-B¯kΔu1Δu3k=A¯kA¯k-1ΔF2Δu2k-1-A¯kB¯k-1Δu1Δu3k-1-B¯kΔu1Δu3k=A¯kA¯k-1⋯A¯1ΔF2Δu21-A¯kA¯k-1⋯A¯2B¯1Δu1Δu31-⋯-B¯kΔu1Δu3kΔF4Δu4n=AnA¯n-1⋯A¯1ΔF2Δu21-AnA¯n-1⋯A¯2B¯1Δu1Δu31-⋯-B¯nΔu1Δu3n
As the concrete displacement increments and two bounded conditions are
already known at each end of the idealized steel stud element, it is now
possible to solve Eq. (10) for the remaining two unknowns among four
components of the forces and displacements, namely ΔF4n,
Δu4nΔF21, and Δu21. In the
case of an axially loaded column, ΔF2 and Δu2 at mid-height or the supporting point of the CFT column can be
considered as the two boundary values. After obtaining the force and
displacement increments at one end of the steel stud, the displacement and
the stress of the steel tube including the bond-slip at each node can be
found through the successive application of Eq. (6), which expresses the
condition of equilibrium of the steel tube. The state determination of the
steel and bond elements can now be undertaken, yielding new steel and bond
forces and updated stiffness matrices. The latter are only needed at the
beginning of a new load step, when the stiffness matrix of the structure is
updated. The substitution of the new material properties of steel and bond
into Eq. (4) yields the equivalent elastic modulus of the steel tube.
Differently from the linear bond-slip assumption considered in this paper,
the use of any bond stress-slip relation such as the simple bilinear bond
stress-slip relation makes it possible to take into account the change in
the slip modulus after exceeding the bond strength. These solution
steps are presented in some detail in the flow diagram of Fig. 7 for the
analysis of the bond-slip behavior in a CFT column. In advance, all terms,
excluding the first term, in the right-hand side of Eq. (10) may be ignored
because of the relatively small nodal displacement of concrete, and this
will produce a simpler solution procedure.
Modeling of a circular CFT column.
Dimensions and Material Properties of Specimens (Moon et al., 2012;
Elremaily and Azizinamini, 2002).
ABAQUS 6.13 (2013) is used in the numerical analyses, and 8-node 3-D solid
elements (named C3D8R element in ABAQUS) are adopted in the numerical
modeling of both the in-filled concrete matrix and the steel tube,
respectively. Moreover, to reserve consistency in the numerical modeling of
all of the specimens considered in this paper, the mesh size of each finite
element is based on an equal length of 20 mm regardless of the difference in
the specimen size. The dimensions of 20mm×20mm×20mm
are chosen for the modeling of the concrete matrix, and this size is
determined through a convergence test for the FE mesh size. The same
principle underlying numerical modeling is also applied to the steel tube
and reinforcement.
CFT columns subjected to axial load only
In order to investigate the validity of the proposed bond-slip model, the
experimental results of a CFT column tested by Kwon et al. (2005) have been
used. This column is subjected to uniform compressive pressure on the
in-filled concrete only, and Fig. 8 shows the layout for the gages and the
geometric configuration for the specimen. The compressive strength of
concrete is 57.1 MPa and the yield strength of steel is 265 MPa. In advance,
the modulus elasticity values, 37.7 and 212.7 GPa, are used for concrete
and steel tube upon the experiment. The test was conducted with an increase
of the applied axial force up to P=50t (490.3 kN)
corresponding to 40 % of the ultimate resisting capacity of the specimen.
Figure 9 shows the distribution of steel stresses along the specimen at
P=30t (294.2 kN). The experimental results are compared with the numerical
results according to the consideration of the bond-slip effect. The
numerical results determined on the basis of the perfect bond assumption
show remarkable differences from the experimental data, and this indicates
that the perfect bond assumption has a limitation in predicting the
structural behavior of CFT columns. Accordingly, the bond-slip effect must
be considered to exactly evaluate the composite action in CFT columns. On
the other hand, the numerical results obtained by considering the bond-slip
effect present good agreement with the experimental results regardless of
the difference in the numerical modeling according to the use of spring
elements with double nodes or the use of the proposed bond model without
double nodes. Since considering the bond slip effect results in less
delivery of stress from the in-filled concrete to the steel tube, relatively
smaller stresses than those obtained from the perfect bond assumption are
developed. The minor differences between the two methods are caused by
modeling details of the spring element and the equivalent stiffness by
ABAQUS. However, this experimental verification still has a limitation
because of the relatively lower applied axial load, which only leads to
elastic behavior of CFT columns. If the verification is performed in the
plastic region, the two methods give significantly different results
relative to each other. The spring element cannot effectively reflect the
change of material properties in plastification of the steel tube whereas
the proposed model can take the change into account in the equivalent
stiffness of the steel tube.
To validate the effectiveness of the proposed numerical model, four
experimental results from several circular CFT columns tested by Schneider
(1998) and Huang et al. (2002) are investigated first, and these
experimental data have been widely used by many researchers (Moon et al.,
2012) in correlation studies between numerical results and experimental
data. The specimens are subjected to axial force only and the configuration
and the corresponding dimensions of the specimens can be found in Fig. 10
and Table 1, respectively. Numerical analyses are conducted with
displacement control on the top of the columns to achieve similar loading
conditions to those of the experiment. Since the resisting capacity of the
CFT column is dominantly affected by the ratio of D/t, specimens with a wide
range of D/t ratio from 22 to 150 are considered in this paper. In Table 1,
the extension in the specimen name represents the ratio of D/t for the first
four specimens.
Lateral force-displacement relation under axial force and bending
moment.
Figure 11 compares the analytical results with the measured load-displacement
response of the specimens. As shown in this figure, the perfect bond
assumption overestimates the energy absorption capacity, evaluated by the
area under the load-displacement curve, as well as the ultimate load, and
the overestimation appears to be enlarged with a decrease in the ratio of
D/t (compare Fig. 11a with 11d). This means that the use of a relatively
thick steel tube causes larger bond-slip between the in-filled concrete and
the steel tube because of the increasing resistance of the steel tube to
bending behavior. On the other hand, a thin steel tube facilitates bending
behavior united with the in-filled concrete while causing relatively small
bond-slip at the interface.
The use of spring elements still gives reliable predictions for the
structural response up to reaching the ultimate load. However, the maximum
load is slightly overestimated at the post-yielding stage, and this
over-estimation is consistently maintained with an increase of the bending
deformation. This result appears to be caused by the use of the constant
slip modulus Eb without any change corresponding to the developed
bond-slip, even in the case where large slip occurs. On the other hand, the
proposed bond model not only gives accurate predictions for the ultimate
load but also effectively simulates the nonlinear behavior of CFT columns
regardless of the ratio of D/t.
Configuration of test specimen (unit: mm).
CFT columns subjected to axial force and bending moment
The proposed numerical model is also applied to two CFT columns subjected to
axial force and bending moment. These specimens were tested by Elremaily and
Azizinamini (2002) with the purpose of quantifying the contribution of the
steel tube to an increase of the energy dissipation capacity and ductility
in CFT columns. The configuration of the test specimens can be idealized as
a cantilevered member, as presented in Fig. 10, and the corresponding
dimensions and material properties of the specimens can be found in Table 1.
The applied constant axial forces are P=2694kN and P=2167kN for CFT 4
and CFT 5 specimens, and these forces correspond to 0.42 and 0.4Po,
respectively, where Po represents the ultimate load determined by
Po=Asfy+Acfc′ and Ac and As are the
cross sectional area of concrete and steel, respectively. More details
related to the test set-up and test procedure can be found elsewhere
(Elremaily and Azizinamini, 2002).
The analytical responses for the horizontal drift δh of CFT 4 and
CFT 5 specimens are compared with the experimental data in Fig. 12. The
ultimate load capacity of CFT columns is governed by the yielding of the
steel tube following the tensile cracking of the in-filled concrete. Very
satisfactory agreement between the analysis and the experiment is observed.
Figure 12 also shows that the introduced bond-slip model can effectively be
used even at CFT columns representing bending behavior with axial
deformation. On the other hand, the numerical results obtained by the
perfect bond assumption overestimate the ultimate load, and the difference
with the experimental results has been enlarged with a decrease of D/t, as
was observed in the case of CFT column specimens subjected to axial force
only. This means that the bond-slip behavior is more dominant at CFT columns
with a relatively small D/t and this must be taken into consideration to
exactly predict the ultimate load of CFT columns.
Test set-up details with actuator and cyclic load.
CFT columns subjected to double curvature bending test
A correlation study for a CFT column subjected to double curvature bending
is conducted for a specimen that was designed and experimentally evaluated
by the authors. The dimensions and details of the test specimen are shown in
Fig. 13. The strengthening by the steel tube was limited to the length of
L=270mm+320mm=590mm from both ends of the test specimen, because the
development of maximum bending moment and plastic deformation accompanied
especially after reaching the yielding moment of a RC column section is
expected to be concentrated within this range. The ratio of the diameter of
the in-filled concrete section (D) to the thickness of the steel tube (t) is
D/t=250/3.2=78.1, and the steel ratio by the embedded mild reinforcement
is ρ=3.24 %. Since the specimen has a clamped boundary condition
at both ends, the ratio of L/D=1980/250=7.91 will be equivalent to
L/D=3.96 in the cantilevered RC column. The used material properties are
as follows: the compressive strength of concrete fc′=28MPa, the yield
strength of reinforcement fy=400MPa, and the yield strength of steel
tube fy=235MPa.
Details of 3-D model for test specimen.
Failure mode and load-displacement relationship of test specimen.
Development of slip at the interface between in-filled concrete
and steel tube.
The loads were applied to the specimen by actuators placed at the top face
and at the mid-span of the specimen, as shown in Fig. 14b (Moon and Lee,
2014). The load at the mid-span is then transformed to the lateral load at
the top face of the specimen through the parallelogrammatic apparatus, which
was designed to prevent the rotational deformation accompanied by the
horizontal drift at the top face of the specimen (see Fig. 14c). The
applied axial load maintained a constant value of P=200kN, but cyclic
loading was applied for the lateral load H with displacement control up to
reaching failure of the specimen. Figure 14d shows the horizontal
displacement history introduced at the top face of the specimen.
As shown in Fig. 15, full modeling of the experimental specimen is
considered and fixed end boundary conditions are introduced at both end
faces. Upon e introduction of the self-weight and a constant axial force of
P=200kN, the lateral load is imported with the designed displacement
history in Fig. 14d. Figure 16 shows the obtained numerical results,
presenting very good agreement with the monotonic envelope developed by the
experimental data. However, the numerical results, in which the bond-slip
effect is ignored, still overestimate the ultimate resisting capacity of the
CFT column, even in a CFT column subjected to double curvature bending.
Moreover, the slip behavior at the interface between the in-filled concrete
and the steel tube can be found in Fig. 17. Because of the slip, the
in-filled concrete was lifted up above the steel tube in the tensile region
with the slip amount of δbexp=19.8mm. The slip amount
calculated by the proposed analytical bond model is δbanal=19.7mm, which is almost the same as that obtained from
experiments, and this means that the proposed model can effectively simulate
the bond-slip behavior of CFT columns subjected to arbitrary loading type.
Conclusions
This paper introduces a slip model to take into account the bond-slip
behavior in CFT columns. Differently from the classical spring element
(bond-link element), which has many restrictions in numerical modeling
because of the use of double nodes to represent the relative slip between
the in-filled concrete and the steel tube, the introduced model, which does
not use double nodes, can significantly reduce the number of nodes required
to account for the bond-slip effect and will remove the difficulty arising
in constructing a FE mesh in three-dimensional FE modeling. In advance, the
introduced model can be implemented into many commercialized programs
including ABAQUS (2013).
Through a comparison of numerical results and experimental data to verify
the efficiency and applicability of the introduced slip model, the following
conclusions have been drawn: (1) the bond-stress distribution shows a
similar trend with the experimental results throughout the entire length of
test specimens and is as reliable as the classical spring element; (2) when
axial and lateral loads are applied separately, the load-displacement
relationship of the test specimens shows good agreement with experiments;
and (3) the load-displacement relationship of CFT columns subjected to a
combined load of axial and bending is described well even with consideration
of the secondary effect, and the failure mode and slip behavior simulated
with the proposed bond-slip model are consistent with the experimental
results. Accordingly, the introduced slip model, even with small error, can
effectively be used to adequately predict the slip behavior as well as the
ultimate load of CFT columns subjected to axial force and bending moment.
Data can be made available upon reasonable request. Please contact Hyo-Gyoung Kwak (kwakhg@kaist.ac.kr).
HGK suggested overall concept of this paper and details of the numerical
bond-slip model. Also, he did the final examine of the whole paper. JYH
applied the bond-slip model to CFT FEM model and verified with experiments
and he set-up and performed the experiment to verify the suggested model.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of
interest.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)
Grant funded by the Korean Government (MSIP)(No. 2017R1A5A1014883) and the
Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement (KAIA) grant funded
by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Grant 13IFIP-C113546-01).
Edited by: Amin Barari
Reviewed by: two anonymous referees
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