The deformation of blades under complex loads of multiple
working conditions will reduce the energy conversion efficiency. To reduce
the deviation of the blade shape in practical working conditions, a
combination and optimization method of blade design schemes under multiple
working conditions, based on the entropy weight vague sets, is proposed. The
sensitivity of each working condition index is analyzed based on the
information entropy, and the satisfaction degree of the design scheme based
on the design requirements and experiences is described with the vague set.
The matching degree of different design schemes for multiple working
conditions is quantified according to the scoring function. The combination
and optimization of the design scheme are verified by numerical simulation
analysis. The results show that the proposed design scheme has a smaller
blade shape deviation than the traditional design scheme under multiple
working conditions.
Introduction
As a power source for driving large equipment by converting the heat and
kinetic energy of steam into mechanical energy, steam turbines are very
important equipment in industrial production, with good thermal economy,
adaptability and compatibility (Sarkar, 2015).
As typical high-energy-consumption equipment, steam turbines are very
sensitive to the requirements of energy efficiency. Steam turbines that run
under design conditions have the highest efficiency. However, the
operation of steam turbines often deviates from the design conditions due to
the effect of various factors, such as steam conditions and load conditions,
which reduce the power performance and economic performance (Ahmad et
al., 2019; Bhagi et al., 2018).
The high-temperature and high-pressure steam enters the cylinder of a steam
turbine, acts on the surface of the blades and drives the spindle to rotate
to realize the energy conversion and output. Therefore, the blades are very
important for the energy conversion efficiency of a steam turbine
(Chatterjee, 2016; Choi et al., 1999).
In traditional methods, the blade is typically designed based on the
analysis of the aerodynamic performance of a steam turbine under single and
ideal working conditions to obtain the ideal shape, and the reliability is
determined by analyzing the strength, modality and life (Dulau and Bica,
2014; Kim et al., 2013; Eleftheriou et al., 2017; Kaneko et al., 2017; Lucacci,
2017; Prabhunandan and Byregowda, 2018; Shukla and Harsha, 2015; Tanuma, 2017).
However, during the operation, multiple complex loads cause the actual shape
of the blade to deviate from the ideal blade shape obtained by the
theoretical design (Zhu et al., 2017). The deviation of the
blade shape will affect the aerodynamic performance and reduce the
efficiency of the turbine. Therefore, the ideal blade shape cannot be
directly used for manufacturing (Diamond et al., 2019). The
ideal blade shape must satisfy the aerodynamic performance requirements of
the steam turbine under the designed working conditions.
The pre-deformation design method has been proposed to reduce the deviation
between the hot blade shape and ideal blade shape (Chen and Lin,
2000; Kamoun et al., 2006; Hou et al., 2016; Albanesi et al., 2017; Chen et al.,
2017; Albanesi et al., 2018; Kollar and Mishra, 2019; Saeed et al., 2019). The
blade shape determined by manufacturing is the cold blade shape. Under the
designed working conditions, the blade will deform under the action of
multiple complex loads, and the stable shape of the blade is the hot blade
shape. The main process of the pre-deformation design method is as follows:
first, the ideal blade shape is designed by the theoretical calculation
method; second, a hot shape is constructed according to the loads that act
on the blade by taking the ideal blade shape as the cold blade shape; third,
the geometric deviation between the hot blade shape and the ideal blade
shape is calculated; finally, the deviation is reversely applied to the
ideal shape to obtain a new cold shape that satisfies the design
expectations.
The deformation of a blade is very complicated due to its variable
cross section and torsional shape, the complex and nonlinear steam flow
field around it and their coupling effect (Choi et al., 1999; Chaibakhsh
and Ghaffari, 2008; Wood and Morton, 1984; Fadl et al., 2018). Therefore, it
is difficult to obtain accurate deformation of a blade using calculations
and analyses based on theoretical formulas (Moheban and Young,
1985).
With the development of the finite element method and computational fluid
dynamics technology (Bhagi et al., 2018; Prabhunandan and Byregowda,
2018; Shukla and Harsha, 2015; Brahimi and Ouibrahim, 2016; Hashemian et al.,
2020; Jang et al., 2015; Francesco et al., 2017), iterative solutions of the
pre-deformation design method based on numerical calculations have gradually
been used in blade analysis and optimal design (Noori Rahim Abadi et al.,
2017; Obert and Cinnella, 2017; Pascoa et al., 2009; Hou et al., 2019; Li et
al., 2019; Jiang et al., 2019; Yi et al., 2020a, b). With these methods, the
construction of a hot shape and the correction of a cold shape are alternately
and repeatedly executed in the pre-deformation design process.
The steam turbines must change the main operating parameters with the load
changes of the driven machinery. Therefore, the state of the steam flow and
the power and rotating speed of the steam turbine fluctuate in a certain
range during the operation. The operating state of steam turbines is
affected by various factors, such as steam conditions and load conditions, so
the operating state deviates from the designed working conditions. Different
operating conditions will directly affect the working status of the
low-pressure stage blades and then the deviation between hot blade shape and
ideal blade shape. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the effect of
multiple operating conditions in the blade design.
The aforementioned blades designed for a single, specific working condition
have difficulty adapting to the requirements of multiple working conditions.
To solve this problem, this paper studies a correlation analysis method
between the blade design and multiple working conditions. A combination
optimization strategy under multiple working conditions is obtained by
synthesizing the analysis results of multiple design schemes, and the blade
shape design is guided to adapt to the multiple working conditions of steam
turbines.
Sensitivity of the working condition index based on information entropy
During the operation, the steam turbine generally runs under multiple
operating conditions. The change in working conditions will affect the flow
state of the fluid in the cylinder and the external load on the blades.
According to the analysis of working conditions, based on available data and
design experiences, factors such as the steam flow, spindle speed,
adaptability to load fluctuations, power, exhaust pressure, working loss of
the condensing equipment and running stability describe the main
differences in the multiple working conditions of a steam turbine, and they can
be used as the main indices to characterize the working conditions.
Therefore, different working conditions can be represented as vectors of the
main indices.
The steam turbines must change the main operating parameters with the load
changes of the driven machinery. Therefore, the state of the steam flow and
the power and rotating speed of the steam turbine will fluctuate in a
certain range under multiple working conditions. Because there may be
uncertainty in determining the effect of these main indices on the working
conditions of the steam turbine at the design stage, the informational
entropy (Shannon entropy; Shannon, 1948) is used to describe the
uncertainty of these indices; i.e., the entropy in each index is used to
describe its value range.
If an index has N values during the evolution of the working conditions,
and the probability of each value is Pi(i=1,2,…,N), the entropy to describe the index is defined as follows:
E=-∑i=1NPilnPi,
where Pi∈0,1 and ∑i=1NPi=1.
In the design of blades under multiple working conditions, it is assumed
that there are m working condition indices and n blade design schemes.
The decision matrix F=(fij)m×n is constructed according to
the relationship between the working condition indices and the blade design
schemes as follows:
F=f11f12⋯f1nf21f22⋯f2n⋯⋯⋱⋯fm1fm2⋯fmn,
where fij is the value of the working condition index i(i=1,2,…,m) that corresponds to design
scheme j(j=1,2,…,n).
Each entry in a decision matrix F=(fij)m×n is the preset
value given by the operator according to the working conditions of the steam
turbine.
Decision matrix F must be standardized due to the nonuniformity of the
dimensions caused by the diversity of indices. Different types of indices
are standardized using different methods (Kickert, 1978; Chen and
Tan, 1994).
The value of the benefit index is expected to be maximal; thus, in the following, let
μij=fijfij,i=1,2,…,m.
The value of the cost index is expected to be minimal; thus, in the following, let
μij=fijfij,i=1,2,…,m.
The value of the quantitative index is expected to be closer to a fixed
value fi∗; thus, in the following, let
μij=fi∗fi∗+fij-fi∗i=1,2,…,m.
The qualitative evaluation indices of the natural language are divided into 10
grades, which are represented by numbers 1–10 and from low to high.
The results calculated by the aforementioned equations are the membership
degree of the indices, which are substituted into decision matrix F in Eq. (2) to obtain the membership degree matrix μ=[μij]m×n. The certainty and normalization of
the membership degree of the index is suitable for determining the entropy
value of the index using a probability-based method.
The entropy value of the ith index is defined as follows:
Ei=-∑j=1nμijμilnμijμi,
where, in the following:
μi=∑j=1nμiji=1,2,…,m.
The meaning of entropy in information theory shows that uncertainty will
increase when the distribution of information tends to be consistent. Equation (6) shows that when μij is closer to μi, the calculated
entropy increases.
In the entropy weight method, the entropy value is normalized after being
compensated according to the change in index value and used as the
sensitivity of the index. The sensitivity ωei of index i is as follows:
ωei=1-Eim-∑i=1mEi.
Let ei=Eilnm and normalize 1-ei
to obtain the sensitivity ωi of index i as follows:
ωi=1-ei∑i=1m1-ei.
The sensitivity vector of the index calculated according to Eq. (9) is
ω=(ω1ω2,…,ωm).
Satisfaction degree of design schemes based on vague sets
The vague set includes both membership and non-subordination information. It
extends the membership degree assigned to each object from a number to a
subinterval of [0, 1]. This subinterval provides evidence for x∈X and evidence against x∈X (Gau and Buehrer, 1993). If there is a universe U={u1u2,…,un, and ui(i=1,2,…,n) are elements of universe
U, a vague set A of universe U is described by a positive membership
degree function tA and a negative membership degree function
fA.
tA/U→0,1;fA/U→0,1,
where tAui is the lower bound of the positive
membership degree derived from the evidence supporting ui, fAui is the lower bound of the negative membership degree derived
from the evidence against ui, and tAui+fAui≤1; thus, the
membership degree of ui is a subinterval [tAui,1-fAui] of the interval
[0,1].
In the analysis of design schemes under multiple working conditions, the
lower bounds of the positive membership degree and negative membership
degree show the suitability and unsuitability of the design scheme for
multiple working conditions, respectively. Both tAui
and fAui are the results obtained after introducing
subjective empirical factors; thus, tAui and
1-fAui can be considered the lower and upper
bounds of the designer's satisfaction degree with a design scheme,
respectively. Therefore, the variation range of the designer's satisfaction degree, regarding the design scheme under multiple working conditions, can be expressed by the membership degree interval of the design scheme relative to the vague set of the design scheme.
Since domain U of multiple working conditions is discrete, vague set A
of the satisfaction degree of the design scheme can be expressed as follows:
A=∑i=1ntAui,1-fAui/ui.
All membership degrees of the working condition indices after normalization
are real numbers in the interval [0,1]. The lower bound of satisfaction degree λA and the upper bound of dissatisfaction degree
λB of each working condition index accepted by the designer can
be set based on the vague set.
If μij is greater than λA, scheme j is satisfied with
index i. In the following set,
Fj=fi∈f|μij≥λA
is the supporting index set of scheme j, and each index in the set is
satisfied with scheme j.
If μij is less than λB, scheme j is not satisfied with
index i. In the following set,
Aj=fi∈f|μij≤λB
is the opposing index set of scheme j, and each index in the set is
against scheme j.
If μij is less than λA but larger than λB,
scheme j is between satisfaction and dissatisfaction for index i. In the following set,
Nj=fi∈f|λA≤μij≤λB
is the neutral index set of scheme j, and each index in the set is neutral
to scheme j.
The lower bound of satisfaction degree λA and the upper bound of
dissatisfaction degree λB are separately determined for each
index by referring to the experience of k experts to avoid the effect of
the subjective arbitrariness of the designer on the bounds.
The bounds given by expert q(1≤q≤k) for
index i(i=1,2,…,m) are
(λAiq, λBiq), where
λAiq and λBiq are the lower
bound of the satisfaction degree and the upper bound of the dissatisfaction
degree of index i accepted by expert q, respectively. The lower bounds
of the satisfaction degree and the upper bounds of the dissatisfaction degree, given by k experts on m indices, form the following matrix:
K=(λA11,λB11)(λA12,λB12)⋯(λA1k,λB1k)(λA21,λB21)(λA22,λB22)⋯(λA2k,λB2k)⋯⋯⋱⋯(λAm1,λBm1)(λAm2,λBm2)⋯(λAmk,λBmk).
The lower bound of the satisfaction degree and the upper bound of the
dissatisfaction degree of each index i(i=1,2,…,m) based on matrix K are determined as follows:
15λAi=1k∑q=1kλAiq,16λBi=1k∑q=1kλBiq.
The aforementioned calculation of λAi and
λBi fully considers the opinions of experts and
avoids the subjectivity of the designers.
The sensitivity vector ω=(ω1ω2,…,ωm) and the index membership degree matrix μ=[μij]m×n of each
scheme obtained by the entropy weight method can be expressed by the vague
estimated value vj for any scheme xj∈X that satisfies
the decision requirements on m indices as follows:
vj=txj,1-fxj,
where, in the following:
18txj=∑i∈J1jωiμij∑i=1nωiμijJ1j=i|fi∈Fj,19fxj=∑i∈J2jωiμij∑i=1nωiμijJ2j=i|fi∈Aj,20πxj=∑i∈J3jωiμij∑i=1nωiμijJ2j=i|fi∈Nj.
Therefore, each scheme corresponds to a vague value, which is used to
measure the suitability of the scheme to the design requirements.
Combination and optimization of design schemes based on the evaluation function
For vague value xj=[tA(xj),1-fA(xj)],
the evaluation function is as follows:
S1xj=tAxj-fAxjS2xj=1-fAxj
and is used to calculate the matching degree of scheme j to the design
requirements. The value of S1(xj) is first calculated, and a larger
value corresponds to a higher matching degree of scheme j to the design
requirements. If S1(xj) is identical, the value of S2(xj) is
calculated, and a larger value corresponds to a higher degree of matching
scheme j to the design requirements.
The results of the evaluation function are normalized to obtain the combined
strategy factors of the design scheme of the blade shape as follows:
rj=Sxj∑1nSxj.
The design scheme is combined and optimized, based on Eq. (22), to obtain the
final blade shape as follows:
u=∑1jrjuj.
Results and discussion
A set of blades is known as a stage, and there are many stages in a steam
turbine. A rotor blade in the low-pressure stage of a steam turbine is used
as an example.
Analysis models and meshes of the blades. (a) Blade model and the (b) mesh of the blade with the flow field model.
Settings of the computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) analysis.
SolverTypePressure based Velocity formulationAbsolute TimeSteady ModelViscousRenormalization group (RNG) k-epsilon; standard wall functions Solution methodsPressure–velocity coupling schemeSimple Spatial discretizationGradientLeast squares cell basedPressurePRESTO!MomentumSecond-order upwindVolume fractionFirst-order upwindTurbulent kinetic energyFirst-order upwindSolution controlsUnder-relaxation factorsPressure0.3Density1Body forces1Momentum0.7Volume fraction0.5Strategy factors of the combination design
A total of five different design schemes under different design working conditions are
conducted to combine and optimize the design of the blade shape. The flow
rate, rotation speed, load fluctuation control ability, power, exhaust
pressure, operation loss of condensing equipment and operation stability
are selected as the indices of the working conditions of the steam turbine.
These indices of the working conditions can be obtained and calculated by
the numerical simulation, and detailed information about the numerical
simulation is described in Sect. 5.2.
The load fluctuation control capability is a benefit index, the operation
loss of the condensing equipment and operation stability of the unit are the
cost indices and the remainder is the quantitative indices. According to Eqs. (2)–(5), a decision matrix is instantiated as follows:
F=19.5232629338600900091959380985034688530062007100810090000.00920.01250.01350.01350.016932222881063,
and the membership degree matrix is as follows:
μ=0.80.896610.89660.78790.93920.979210.98030.93350.3750.50.75110.79780.887510.87650.78890.75840.9310110.79880.666611110.80.810.60.3.
The entropy values of the indices, calculated according to Eq. (6), are as follows:
E=(1.6056,1.6090,1.5444,1.6057,1.6030,1.5984,1.5455).
The sensitivities of the indices after normalization are as follows:
ω=(0.1356,0.1342,0.1599,0.1356,0.1366,0.1385,0.1595).
The lower bound of the satisfaction degree and the upper bound of the
dissatisfaction degree are provided for each index based on the design
experience of five experts. The following matrix is obtained according to Eq. (14):
K=(0.80,0.35)(0.70,0.45)(0.85,0.35)(0.70,0.45)(0.75,0.40)(0.90,0.75)(0.95,0.80)(0.85,0.75)(0.90,0.85)(0.95,0.80)(0.65,0.30)(0.75,0.45)(0.70,0.35)(0.60,0.50)(0.65,0.45)(0.85,0.75)(0.80,0.75)(0.85,0.70)(0.85,0.75)(0.80,0.75)(0.70,0.50)(0.65,0.50)(0.70,0.45)(0.70,0.50)(0.65,0.45)(0.55,0.45)(0.60,0.45)(0.65,0.50)(0.65,0.60)(0.60,0.45)(0.70,0.45)(0.75,0.45)(0.80,0.50)(0.75,0.60)(0.80,0.55).
The lower bound of the satisfaction degree and the upper bound of the
dissatisfaction degree for each index obtained, according to Eqs. (15) and (16), are as follows:
λA=(0.76,0.91,0.67,0.83,0.68,0.61,0.76)λB=(0.40,0.79,0.41,0.74,0.48,0.49,0.51).
The vague estimated values of the five design schemes are calculated
according to the support index set, opposition index set and neutral index
set of each scheme as follows:
v1=0.7685,0.9174v2=0.9055,1.0v3=1.0,1.0v4=0.8940,1.0v5=0.8052,0.9398.
The matching degree of each design scheme is obtained, according to Eq. (21),
as follows:
S=0.6859,0.9055,1.0,0.8940,0.7449.
The combination strategy factor of the design scheme of the blade shape is
obtained, according to Eq. (22), as follows:
r=0.1621,0.2140,0.2364,0.2113,0.1761.
This set of design combination strategy factors is used for the combination
of design schemes of the blade shape.
Spatial positions of the nodes at the blade tip.
Spatial positions of the nodes at the trailing edge of the blade
tip.
Comparison of the spatial position of the nodes at the trailing
edge of the blade tip.
Deviation of the blade shape
To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the combination design
scheme under multiple working conditions is compared to the design scheme
under single working conditions by calculating the deviation of the hot
blade shape from the ideal blade shape.
The entire blade is analyzed based on an Ansys CFD numerical simulation. A
3D analysis model that includes only the working part of the blade is
established, as shown in Fig. 1a. The model rotates around the z axis, and
the y and x axes correspond to the radial and tangential directions,
respectively. Unstructured tetrahedral meshes are used to mesh the flow
field on the complex surface of the rotor blade. The meshes of the flow
field model and blade model are shown in Fig. 1b.
The CFD analysis conditions are as follows: the inlet pressure is 49.25 kPa,
the temperature is 348.27 K, and the outlet pressure is 0.0135 MPa. The
settings for the CFD analysis are shown in Table 1.
The design of steam turbine blades under different working conditions
results in five different blade shapes. The spatial positions of the nodes
at the contour line and trailing edge of the blade tip are shown in Figs. 2
and 3, respectively.
The five blade design schemes are combined according to the aforementioned
blade design combination strategy factors, and the final design optimization
result under multiple working conditions is obtained. The relationship
between the design results is most evident in the trailing edge of the blade
tip. The spatial position of the nodes at the trailing edge of the blade tip
is compared for the combination of the design schemes under multiple working
conditions and the single-design scheme under the ideal working conditions,
as shown in Fig. 4.
The operation analysis of the two blade design schemes is performed under
each working condition, and their weighted cumulative deviations are
compared according to the importance of each working condition.
The calculation method for the weighted cumulative deviation D of multiple
operating conditions is as follows:
D=∑j=1nSjDij,
where i is the node number, m is the total number of grid nodes, j is
the working condition number that corresponds to the design scheme, and n
is the total number of working conditions.
The maximum deviations between hot blade shape and theoretical blade shape,
obtained by the Ansys CFD numerical analysis of the two schemes under the
aforementioned working conditions, are shown in Table 2.
Maximum deviations of the two schemes under the
aforementioned working conditions.
WorkingScheme after combinationScheme under idealconditionand optimizationworking conditions10.29133579830.303021750620.09226095430.115512259830.00374028470.000007805640.16048959520.153562417950.26323377790.2550274378Weighted0.62667034210.6397015156accumulation
Table 2 shows that the blades designed by combination and optimization can
achieve a hot shape closer to the theoretical shape under multiple working
conditions.
The proposed design scheme optimization method for steam turbine blades
analyzes the sensitivity of each working condition index and quantifies the
matching degree of different design schemes for multiple working conditions.
It can effectively decrease the deviation between the hot blade shape and the ideal blade shape according to the numerical simulation analysis results, which
can provide a theoretical basis and reference for the actual blade design
process.
Conclusions
A combination and optimization method of blade design schemes under multiple
working conditions based on entropy weight vague sets is proposed in this
paper. Information entropy is used to analyze the sensitivity of working
condition indices. The vague set is used to describe the satisfaction degree
of the design scheme based on the design requirements and experiences. The
scoring function is used to quantify the matching degree of different design
schemes for multiple working conditions to obtain the combined and optimized
design scheme. The numerical simulation analysis results show that the
proposed design scheme has a smaller blade shape deviation than the
traditional design scheme under multiple working conditions. Therefore, the
combination and optimization method of blade design schemes under multiple
working conditions based on entropy weight vague sets is helpful for expanding
the range of working conditions of the blade.
Data availability
All data used in this paper can be obtained
from the corresponding author upon request.
Author contributions
GY and YW developed the model. HZ, JiW and JuW analyzed the data and carried out numerical simulations. GY, JiW and JuW wrote the paper.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Special issue statement
This article is part of the special issue “Robotics and advanced manufacturing”. It is not associated with a conference.
Financial support
This research has been supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant no. 2018YFB1701600) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 51875515).
Review statement
This paper was edited by Bo Li and reviewed by two anonymous referees.
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