Solution-region-based synthesis approach for selecting optimal four-bar linkages with the Ball – Burmester point

In this paper, we present a solution-region-based synthesis approach for selecting optimal four-bar linkages with a Ball–Burmester point. We discuss both general and special cases of the Burmester point that coincide with the Ball point at the pole of the inflection circle. Given the coordinates of one fixed joint, any point on the target’s straight line, and the direction of this straight line, we can synthesize an infinite number of mechanisms using a coupler curve with five-point contacts with its tangent by adopting the proposed approach. Each initial parameter corresponds to three side links that can generate three four-bar mechanisms. We generate different mechanism property charts by developing mechanism software that enables users to intuitively identify relevant linkage information and select the optimal linkage. This novel approach is a visualized analytical method for synthesizing and selecting optimal four-bar linkages with one Ball–Burmester point on its coupler curve.


Introduction
As an important planar four-bar mechanism, four-bar linkages that approximate a straight line have been widely studied based on the theory of the kinematic geometry of mechanisms (Dijksman, 1976;Hunt, 1987;McCarthy, 2000;Wang and Wang, 2015).Dijksman (1972) and Dijksman and Smails (2000) used a geometrical method to discuss the Ball point in different configurations.Tesar et al. (1967) and Vidosic and Tesar (1967a, b) derived a series of synthesis formulas, and transformed the results into design diagrams for users according to three different cases, i.e., the general case of the Ball-Burmester point, the special case of the Ball-Burmester point at the inflection pole, and the special case of the Ball-Double Burmester point.Yu et al. (2013) presented a numerical comparison synthesis method for single and double straight-line guidance mechanisms to solve fourbar straight-line guidance mechanism synthesis problems for an arbitrarily given straight line's "angle requirement" and "point-position requirement".Han (1993) studied the synthesis of the four-bar straight-line linkage of Ball and Burmester points in general cases.The author Yin et al. (2011Yin et al. ( , 2012) ) studied the synthesis of the straight-line linkage of Ball and Burmester points, separately.Han et al. (2009) proposed a solution-region-based method for linkage synthesis to obtain the optimal solution in the feasible solution region, and extended their approach to four-position finitely separated and mixed "point-order" positions (Yang et al., 2011), six-bar motion generation (Cui and Han, 2016), and RCCC Linkages (Han and Cao, 2018;Bai and Angeles, 2015).Traditional synthesis methods use congruence to represent infinite parametric solutions.The solution-region method is an optimalmechanism synthesis approach for expressing infinite solutions on finite diagrams for cases irrespective of whether the congruence method can be used.Bai and Angeles (2015) proposed a new method for calculating cognate mechanisms, and cognate straight-line mechanisms can be obtained by employing this approach.However, none of the above authors have made a systemic study of how to choose desired straight-line mechanisms with a Ball-Burmester point from an infinite number of synthesized mechanisms, and that satisfy the target constraints.
Here, we present a visualized synthesis approach based on the solution region for selecting optimal four-bar linkages with a Ball-Burmester point.We discuss both the general and special cases of the Burmester point that coincide with the Ball point at the pole of the inflection circle.Different mechanism property charts are generated by developing mechanism software to enable users to intuitively identify information about the involved linkages and to select the optimal linkage from an infinite number of mechanism solutions.

Theoretical basis and synthesis formulas
Robert Ball proposed the famous Ball point theory, which is based on the infinitesimal displacement and instantaneous invariance of curvature.The Ball point is defined as the point whose radius of curvature is infinite and whose curvature is stationary, which is the intersection point of the inflection circle and the cubic of stationary curvature at a certain instant (other than the polar point P ).The linkage curve and its tangent line have an osculation of no less than three orders on the Ball point, which means it passes through four points that are infinitely close to each other.The velocity, acceleration, and jerk of the Ball point in a moving rigid body have the same direction.Four-bar linkages that approximate a straight line with four contacting points can be synthesized using the Ball point.
The Burmester point is a higher-order stationary point of the cubic of a stationary curvature, whose trajectory intersects with the curve at no less than five infinitely close points, namely a four-order osculating.In this paper, we used the theory of the Burmester point to develop a method for synthesizing a five-point contact mechanism that approximates a straight line under both general and special conditions.The proposed method allows the designer to give a fixed hinge point, the points on the straight line, and the direction of the line.

General case
Assume a fixed joint point A 0 = (A 0x , A 0y ) and a point P 1 = (P 1x , P 1y ) on a straight line, where the direction of the straight line is β 1 and the displacement is T .Vector T (T = 0) points from the Ball point P 1 to the polar point T .We note that the parameter λ at point P between the t axis and x axis is known during the synthesis of the five-point contact mechanism that approximates a straight line, as compared with the case of four-point contact (Yin et al., 2012).Parameters α a0 , α b0 , α b0 , α c0 , and α 10 are defined as the angles from the positive direction of the T axis to the vectors B, B 0 P , C 0 P , and P P 1 , respectively.Vectors α a0 , α b0 , α b , α c , and α 10 are defined as α a = α a0 − λ, α a = α a0 − λ, α a = α a0 − λ, and α a = α a0 − λ, respectively.For simplicity of calculation, let diameter D of the inflection point cir- According to the kinematic geometric theory of infinitely close positions, several points can be selected from a motion plane at any instantaneous position, whose trajectory has fourth-order contact with its curvature circle.This means that these points are the circle points of five infinitely close positions, namely Burmester points, which are higher-order stationary points of the trajectory curvature.Using the Euler-Savary equation (Yin et al., 2012) to solve the two-order derivative equation d 2 ρ m dσ 2 = 0, or using the curvature stagnation point curve equation to obtain the first derivative equation dρ m dσ = 0, we obtain: where N and M are two auxiliary variables defined as follows: Equation ( 1) is a quartic equation that has four real roots at most.These four roots have the value α i of the polar coor- dinates of the Burmester point.Motion joints A and B correspond to roots α a and α b , respectively, and the connecting rod point P 1 corresponds to root α 1 .We assume the other motion joint is C, which corresponds to root α c .After we determine the instantaneous center P and parameter λ, by definition, we can obtain angles α 1 and α a directly.α b and α c are solved as follows.
According the relation between the fourth-order equation root and coefficient of Eq. ( 1), we obtain: Assuming tan α 1 in Eq. ( 4) and tan α c in Eq. ( 5) are the two roots of a quadratic equation, and according to the Vieta theorem, we have the following: Similarly, Eq. ( 6) can be regarded as the quadratic equation of tan α, and according to the Vieta theorem, the roots of Eq. ( 6) are imaginary when: Therefore, the other two Burmester points are imaginary.Combining Eq. ( 6) with the cubics of stationary curvature equations, we have the following: By substituting P P 1 = D sin α 1 into Eq.( 10), and assuming D equals 1, we obtain: By substituting Eq. ( 11) into Eq.( 6) and doing some rearranging, we have the following: where U = tan α a tan α b and V = tan α a + tan α b .By substituting Eq. ( 12) into Eq.( 11) and doing some rearranging, we obtain: Furthermore, by substituting Eqs. ( 11) and ( 13) into the Euler-Savary equation: , we obtain the following: Since the diameter D of the inflection-point circle equals 1, by combining it with Eq. ( 14), we obtain: By substituting Eq. ( 16) into Eq.( 4) and doing some rearranging, we have: Considering that motion joints C and B are Burmester points, we replace joint B in Eq. ( 15) with joint C and substitute Eq. ( 17) into Eq.( 15).Then, P C can be obtained similarly, as follows: By substituting Eq. ( 21) into Eq.( 14), we obtain: Equation ( 22) can be regarded as an equation for the unknown α b .After rearranging, we have: where: There are two roots for α b in Eq. ( 23), which are assumed to be α b1 and α b2 .So, we have: P B can be obtained by substituting α b into Eq.( 15), and furthermore, P B 0 can be calculated using Eq. ( 20).We note that there is no real root for α b when =F 2 − 4EG < 0. The values of P C and P C 0 can be determined similarly, and the diameter of the actual inflexion circle can be calculated using the equation P P 1 = D sin α 1 .After calculating P A, P A 0 , P B, P B 0 , P C, and P C 0 , we can obtain the actual size of the mechanism by multiplying these values by the actual diameter of the inflection point circle.
The coordinates of motion joints A, B, and C and fixed joints C 0 and B 0 can be calculated as follows: For a given set of conditions including a fixed joint A 0 , a point P 1 on a straight line, the direction of the straight line β 1 , displacement T , and parameters λ, we can calculate three sets of connecting rods AA 0 , BB 0 , and CC 0 using the proposed method.By arbitrarily selecting two connecting rods from AA 0 , BB 0 , and CC 0 , we obtain a four-bar linkage that approximates a straight line.Since α b has two roots α b1 and α b2 , a set of given conditions corresponds to six five-pointcontact four-bar linkages that approximate a straight line.However, the fact that connecting rod BB 0 corresponds to α b1 is the same as connecting rod CC 0 corresponding to α b2 .Also, the fact that connecting rod CC 0 corresponds to α b1 is the same as connecting rod BB 0 corresponding to α b2 .Therefore, there are only three four-bar linkages.

Special condition: Burmester point located at the pole of the inflection circle
When the Burmester point is located at the pole of the inflection circle, parameter λ cannot be determined arbitrarily.Below, we calculate the coordinates of another fixed joint B 0 and two motion joints A and B.
When the Burmester point coincides with the Ball point at the pole of the inflection circle, α 1 equals 90 • .The coordinates of the instantaneous center P can be determined by its definition.According to the definition of parameter λ, we have:  By substituting α 1 = 90 • into Eq.( 14), and assuming that tan α 1 approaches positive infinity, we have: where U = tan α a tan α b and V = tan α a + tan α b .
Another Burmester point can be obtained using Eqs.( 17) and ( 18).Using Eq. ( 4), we have: By substituting Eq. ( 34) into the equation for the curvature of a point on the curve, we obtain: www.mech-sci.net/10/25/2019/Mech.Sci., 10, 25-33, 2019 We can then derive P A, P A 0 , and P B 0 from the formula in reference (Yin et al., 2011).The coordinates of joints A, B, and B 0 can be calculated using Eqs.( 26), ( 27), and (28), respectively, and the coordinates of joints C and C 0 are as follows: Unlike the general condition, when the Burmester point coincides with the Ball point at the pole of the inflection circle, α b has only one root.Therefore only three five-point-contact four-bar linkages that approximate a straight line can be obtained with a given set of conditions.
3 Solution-region generation and its applications 3.1 General case

Solution-region generation
According to the given conditions, the solution region of the mechanism is analyzed on the coordinate plane β 1 -λ.Since α b may have no real root, if direction β 1 , displacement T , and angle λ are given arbitrarily, some solution regions will have no mechanism solution, and these are infeasible mechanism regions.Because there are three variables (β 1 , T , and λ), a square solution region can be obtained for any pairs of these three variables.Therefore, there will be three solution region diagrams according to the three variables (β 1 , T , and λ).

Example
The task is to design four-bar linkages that approximate a straight line with the following conditions: fixed joint A 0 = (0, 0), a point P 1 = (10, 10) on the straight line, and the displacement T = 5.Also, the synthesized four-bar linkages should be five-point-contact linkages that approximate a straight line.
There are three solution-region diagrams.In the mechanism-type solution region diagram of mechanism M B 0 BCC 0 shown in Fig. 2, we assume that direction β 1 equals 120 • and angle λ equals −85 • , and then we have three synthesized linkages that approximate a straight line, as shown in Fig. 3d, the parameters of which are shown in Table 1.The other two synthesized mechanisms M A 0 ABB 0 and M A 0 ACC 0 are shown in Fig. 3b and c.The classification of planar four-bar linkages is performed with reference to the method developed by Barker (1985): 3.2 Special condition: Burmester point located at the pole of the inflection circle

Solution-region generation
If T varies from −∞ to +∞ continuously and β 1 is determined arbitrarily, then the infinite mechanisms can be obtained.Similarly, if β 1 varies from 0 to 180 • continuously and T is determined arbitrarily, then the infinite mechanisms can be obtained.All the above mechanism solutions constitute the solution region.In the solution region, the area that satisfies the design requirements is the feasible solution region.
To illustrate all the mechanism solutions in the finite coordinate plane, displacement T (T ∈ (−∞, +∞)) is expressed as the parametric equation of angle ϕ(ϕ ∈ (−90 • , 90 • )), as follows: where k 1 is the step-size factor, which is used to adjust the mechanism solution region to show the required mechanism solution region.When T is infinite, and we use the above general synthetic equations to solve the mechanism, the resultant mechanism has some poor quality properties, i.e., the length ratio of the mechanism and the relative linear length.To improve these properties, we can use the synthesis formula for fourbar linkages that approximate a straight line with an infinite instant center, which we do not discuss here.
If we let k 1 = 24, the square diagram of the mechanism solution region is as shown in Fig. 4.

Example
In this task, we design four-bar linkages that approximate a straight line and which satisfy the following conditions and requirements: Given a fixed joint A 0 = (0, 0) and a point P 1 = (10, 10) on the straight line, the Burmester point of the resultant mechanism should be the pole of the inflection circle.
Let β 1 be 30 • and let T be 25.The three resultant mechanisms are shown in Fig. 5, and their parameters are shown in Table 2.
To synthesize the optimal mechanism solutions when the direction of the straight line is 30 • , we use the proposed synthesis software to plot the mechanism solution region curves, which utilizes a method similar to that used for the circular mechanism solution regions.Take mechanism A 0 ABB 0 for instance.The design constraints are as follows: the frame length A 0 B 0 is less than 70, the link length ratio l max /l min is less than 10, and the relative length of the straight line is longer than 0.25.
Let k 1 be 50, which means T = 50 tan ϕ.When T varies continuously, the performance curves of the resultant mechanisms are as shown in Fig. 6.The y-coordinates represent the length of the frame A 0 B 0 , the relative length of the straight line, and the length ratio of the links.The shaded Figure 6c shows that the relative length of the straight line is longest when ϕ equals −39 • , and that the length ratio and the length of the frame are within the design constraints.The corresponding mechanism is shown in Fig. 7a, and its parameters are shown in Table 2.Note that the physical length of the straight line can be obtained by multiplying the relative length of the straight line by the frame length.The other two cognate mechanisms for the straight-line linkage in Fig. 7a, based on the Roberts-Chebyshev Theorem, are shown in Fig. 7b and c.

Discussion and conclusion
In this paper, to select optimal four-bar straight-line linkages, we discussed both the general and special cases of the Burmester point that coincide with the Ball point at the pole of the inflection circle.By adopting our proposed approach, an infinite number of mechanisms with a coupler curve that has five-point contacts with its tangent were obtained.We generated different mechanism property charts by developing a mechanism software to enable users to intuitively identify information about the involved linkages and to select the one that is optimal.The results of the calculation examples indicated that the proposed method works effectively.This is a novel visualized analytical method for synthesizing and selecting optimal four-bar linkages with one Ball-Burmester point on its coupler curve.
Using the proposed method, we found there to be three straight-line linkages with the same straight-line segment of a coupler curve for each of the initial parameters given.However, the coupler curves of three cognate mechanisms by the Roberts-Chebyshev Theorem are identical.Therefore, after the initial parameters are given, we can synthesize three dif-ferent mechanisms with the same straight-line segments of coupler curves by the proposed method.In addition, we can obtain the other two cognate mechanisms for each straightline linkage based on the Roberts-Chebyshev Theorem.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. M B 0 BCC 0 solution region diagram of mechanism type.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Mechanism solution region diagrams for all mechanism solutions.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Optimal mechanism and two cognate mechanisms.
Figure 6.Mechanism solutions with different displacements T .